Research publications handbook 2019 FOI.pdf

OFFICIAL
Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
VIEW
VER
O
OVERVIEW
TheAustralianInstituteofCriminology(AIC)hasservedsuccessiveAustraliangovernments
andthecriminaljusticesystemformorethanfourdecadesasthenation’sresearchand
knowledgecentreoncrimeandjustice—promulgatinganddisseminatingresearchstudies,
compilingtrenddataandprovidingpolicyadvice.Wewereestablishedin1973following
thepassageoftheCriminology Research Act 1971,tocentrallycollectandanalysenational
criminologicaldataandprovideevidence-basedresearchtogovernmentandpolicing
agencies.Inlate2010theCommonwealthGovernmentpassedtheFinancial Framework
Legislation Amendment Act 2010amendingtheCriminology Research Act 1971.
Functions
TheInstituteundertakesitsfunctionsassetoutintheCriminology Research Act 1971,
whichare:
(a)topromotejusticeandreducecrimeby:
(i) conductingcriminologicalresearch;and
(ii) communicatingtheresultsofthatresearchtotheCommonwealth,theStates,the

AustralianCapitalTerritory,theNorthernTerritoryandthecommunity;
(b)toassisttheDirectorinperformingtheDirector’sfunctions;
(c)toadministerprogramsforawardinggrants,andengagingspecialists,for:
(i) criminologicalresearchthatisrelevanttothepublicpolicyoftheStates,the

AustralianCapitalTerritoryandtheNorthernTerritory;and
(ii) activitiesrelatedtothatresearch(includingthepublicationofthatresearch,for

example).
ThefunctionsoftheDirectorinclude:

conductingcriminologicalresearch,includingthecollectionofinformationandstatistics
oncrimeandjusticematters;

communicatingtheresultsofthatresearch,includingthroughthepublicationof
researchmaterialandseminarsandcoursesoftrainingorinstruction;

providinginformationandadviceontheadministrationofcriminaljusticetothe
CommonwealthGovernmentandstateandterritorygovernments;and

collaboratingbothwithinandoutsideAustraliawithgovernments,institutionsand
authorities,andwithbodiesandpersons,onresearchandtraininginconnectionwith
theadministrationofcriminaljustice.
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OFFICIAL
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Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
SERIE
TION
Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice
T&Isareconcise(approx.4,000to6,000words),peer-reviewedpapersoncriminological
PUBLICA
topicsaimedatpolicymakersandpractitioners,thegeneralpublic,studentsandthemedia.
Thesewilltypicallybesummariesofdevelopmentsinaparticularfield,orempiricalfindings
fromanewstudy.T&Isshouldalwaysbesetwithinthecontextoftheexistingliteratureand
willhaveclearconclusions.Thisserieshasabroadaudienceandthewritingandcontent
shouldbeabletobeunderstoodbyuniversitystudentsandthemedia.Pleasenote:the
ampersandispartoftheofficialtitleoftheseries.
StatisticalBulletins
StatisticalBulletins areconcisepapers(upto5,000wordsbutusuallymuchshorter)that
providestatisticalanalysisofcrimeandjusticedata.ThismaybefromAICmonitoring
programsorfromexternalsources,suchastheABS.Thesemaybeginwithaveryshort
literaturereview(nomorethan500words)todemonstratepreviousworkintheareabut
thefocusshouldbeonthestatisticalanalysis.Thisanalysiscanrangefromdescriptive
statisticstomodelling.Thesearenotpeerreviewed.
ResearchReports
TheResearchReport seriesincludesoriginalresearchpapersthatcanconsistofanykindof
researchmethodorapproachaslongasitisrobust.Theyshouldincludeanabstractofup
to150wordsandanexecutivesummaryofupto2,000words.Thesepapersarebetween
10,000wordsand30,000wordsintotal(includingtheexecutivesummary,referencesand
appendices).Allpublicationsinthisseriesaresubjecttopeerreview,eitherthrougha
double-blindpeerreviewprocessorextensivestakeholderreview.
StatisticalReports
TheStatisticalReport seriesincludesreportsonAICmonitoringprogramsthatcapture
dataonarangeofAustraliancrimeandjusticeissues.Theymayalsoincludeotherone-
offreports.Thesewillbebetween10,000wordsand30,000wordsintotal(includingall
appendices).EachStatisticalReportshouldincludeanabstractofupto150words.These
papersarenotpeerreviewed.
CriminologyResearchGrantreports
EachCriminologyResearchGrant(CRG)projectresultsinareportofupto30,000words,as
wellasaTrends & issuespaperonthesametopic.Eachreportispeerreviewedalongwith
theassociatedT&I.ThereportsarepublishedontheCRGwebsite:crg.aic.gov.au.
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OFFICIAL
PUBLICA
Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
TION
PUBLICATION PROCESSES
PR
OCE

SSE
Non-peer-
reviewed papers
S
Researcher
submits paper to
Text edited
publications inbox
Editor organises
Peer-reviewed
papers
double-blind
peer review

Editor
sends reviews
to authors

Editor sends revised
Edited paper
paper to Deputy
sent to author
Director for approval
to edit
Media materials
prepared
Designed paper to
Deputy Director for
Paper designed
Final copyedit
final approval.
and proofed
Media team advised
Minsub sent to
Executive Support
Paper approved
by CEO and MO
Paper published
Editor
informs authors
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OFFICIAL
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Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
SSE
OCE
PR
Thepublicationprocesshasanumberofroutinestages.
TION
Approval
EnsureyourmanagerhassignedoffonyourpaperandtheDeputyDirectorResearchhas
PUBLICA
approvedthedocumenttobesubmittedforpublication.
Beforesubmittingapaperforpeerrevieworediting,youmustensurethefollowing:

Thedocumentisclean—freeofcommentsandtrackedchanges.

ThereferencelistiscompleteandaccurateandconformstoAICstyle.Authorsare
responsiblefortheaccuracyoftheirreferencelists.Do not use Endnoteoranyother
referencingsoftware.

ThefiguredataisprovidedinanExcelspreadsheet.Thetextofflowchartsorothertext-
basedfiguresissuppliedinaWorddocument.
Anypaperthatdoesnotmeettheserequirementswillbereturnedtotheauthor.
Peerreview(whereapplicable)
Theeditormanagesthepeerreviewprocess.IfyouhavewrittenaTrends & issuespaper,a
ResearchReportoraCRGreport,yourdocumentwillbedouble-blindpeerreviewed.Two
externalacademicswillreviewyourpaperandprovideconstructivefeedback.Theeditor
willreturnthede-identifiedreviewstoyoutoaddressasnecessary.
Editing
Whenyouhaveaddressedthepeerreviewsandyourmanagerhasapprovedthechanges,
youcansubmitthepaperforediting.TheeditorwillseektheDeputyDirector’sapprovalof
thechangesbeforeeditingyourreport.
TheeditorwilledityourdocumentandensureitconformstoAICstyle.Formattingchanges
andchangestothereferencelistwillnotbetracked.Othersuggestedchangestothe
documentwillbetrackedand,wherenecessary,acommentexplainingthereasonforthe
suggestionwillbeinserted.Iftheeditorhasanyqueries,thesewillalsobeincludedas
comments.Thepaperwillthenbereturnedtoyou.
Whenyoureceivetheeditedpaper,reviewthechangesandacceptthoseyouagreewith.
Iftheeditorhassuggestedachangeyouarenotcomfortablewithordonotwishtoaccept,
indicatethisbyinsertingacomment—donotrejectthechange.Ifyouwishtoaltertextor
addmaterialtothedocument,usetrackchanges.
Whenyouhavereviewedallsuggestedchangesandacceptedthem,orindicatedwhyyou
donotwishto,returnyourpapertotheeditor.Theeditorwillreviewthedocumentand
prepareitfortypesetting.
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OFFICIAL
PUBLICA
Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
TION
Typesetting
PR
Thedesignerwilltypesetyourdocumentandsendittotheeditorforproofing.Once
OCE
proofed,yourpaperwillbeforwardedtotheDeputyDirectorResearchforreview.A
SSE
ministerialsubmissionwillbeprepared.
S
Approval
OncethepaperhasbeenapprovedbytheDeputyDirectorResearchandtheCEO,itwillbe
senttotheminister’soffice.Ministerialapprovalcantakesometime,sopleasebepatient.
Publishing
Oncethepaperhasbeennotedbytheminister,itcanbepublished.TheLibraryteam
uploadsthepublicationtotheAICwebsite.
TheAICrarelypublisheshardcopiesofdocuments.Ifyoudoneedhardcopies,emailthe
PublicationsandDesignteam:
.
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Research publications handbook
TEMPLA
USING TEMPLATES
USING
TherearethreebasictemplatesforAICpublications:

theT&Itemplate;

theStatisticalBulletintemplate;and

a‘longreport’templateforResearchReports,StatisticalReportsandCRGreports.
Afreshtemplateshouldbeusedforeachdocumentyoucreatetoensureconflictingstyles
andhiddencodesarenottransferredfromotherdocuments.Pleaserequestatemplate
fromtheeditorifyouneedone.
Checkallstylesarecorrectbeforeforwardingyourpaper(thetemplatecanplaytricks).
Formatting
Formattingsuchasboldanditalicsshouldbeappliedusingthe‘Strong’and‘Emphasis’
templatestylesrespectively.DonotusethebuttonsonWord’sribbonortheControl-Bor
Control-Ifunctions.ToopentheStylesmenu,pressAlt-Control-Shift-S.
Neverusethespacebartospaceouttext,tablecontents,bulletsoranythingelse.Ifyoudo
this,theeditorwillhavetoremovethespacespriortotypesetting.
Usepagebreaksonlyatthebeginningofanewsection,immediatelybeforeatop-level
heading(‘Heading1’style).Thedesignerwillfixanyawkwardpagebreaksandkeep
paragraphs,tablesandfigurestogetherwhereverpossible.
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Australian Institute of Criminology
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Research publications handbook
USE
WORD USE
Dictionary
TheAICusestheMacquarie Dictionary.SpellingshouldalignwiththeMacquarie,withthe
exceptionoftheword‘percent’,whichshouldbewrittenasoneword.
Formoredetailonwordstyle(whetheratermisoneword,twowordsorhyphenated),see
Hyphens(page26)andAppendix A: Word list(page62).
Plainlanguage
TheAIC’sreadershipisbroadandincludesacademics,policymakers,criminaljustice
professionalsandpractitioners,policeandthegeneralpublic.AllAICpublicationsshould
bewritteninaclearandplainlanguagestyle.Complexmethodologiesshouldstillbe
explainedclearly.
Thissectiondescribessomegeneralprinciplesofplainwriting.
Sentencelength
Shortersentencesareeasiertounderstandthanlongerones.Avoidwritingsentencesof
morethan25wordswherepossible.Usetheclearestandmostconcisephrasingpossible.
Often,ashorterphraseorasinglewordwilldojustaswellasalongerphrase.Thefollowing
aresomecommonexamples.
Instead of
Try
Alargemajority
most
Affordanopportunity
allow
Asameansof
to
Atalltimes
always
Atthepresenttime
now,currently
Atthispointintime
now,currently
Beinapositionto
can
Becauseofthefactthat
because
Duetothefactthat
because
Duringtheperiod
during
Forthepurposeof
for
Hasarequirementfor
needs
Inatimelymanner
quickly,promptly
Inaccordancewith
under,following
Inadvanceof
before
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OFFICIAL
Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
USE
ORD
W
Instead of
Try
Inorderto
to
Inregardto
about,on,concerning
Inspiteofthefactthat
although
Intheeventthat
if
Inthemajorityofinstances/cases
mostly,usually
Inthenearfuture
soon
Inviewofthefactthat
because
Nolaterthan
by
Onanannualbasis
yearly
Ontheotherhand
conversely
Pertainingto
about
Priorto
before
Providesguidancefor
guides
Subsequentto
after
Thewayinwhich
how
Underthecircumstances
because,therefore
Undertheprovisionsof
under
Untilsuchtimeas
until
Withreferenceto
about
Withregardto
about
Withtheexceptionof
except
Acknowledgements:HaleBrockwayL2012.20phrasesyoucanreplacewithoneword.Ragan’sPRDaily27
December.http://www.prdaily.com/Main/Articles/20_phrases_you_can_replace_with_one_word__11285.aspx#
Wordwiseathttp://wordwise.typepad.com/blog/2009/01/one-isnt-the-lonliest-number.html
Constructingparagraphs
Paragraphsarebestkepttoaboutfivetosevensentences.However,theymaybelongerif
theycontainonelineofthought.Atypicalparagraphfollowsageneralacademicformula.

Anopeningsentenceintroducestheparagraph:‘Withtheintroductionofautomaticteller
machinesinthe1980s,offenderssuddenlyhadnewwaystocommitbankingoffences.’

Thenextsentenceoutlinesyourpointforthereader—forexample:‘Banks,therefore,
wereforcedtorethinktheirpreventionstrategies.’

Thefollowingsentenceprovidesmoreinformation:‘Toaddressthisnewwayof
offending,thebankingindustryheldaconferencetodiscussmeasuresimplemented
overseas,todeterminewhichpreventivestrategieswouldtranslateeasilytoAustralia.’
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Australian Institute of Criminology
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Research publications handbook
USE

Thenextsentenceexplainswhyyouaretellingthereaderthesethings:‘Thisreport
outlinesthemainthemesoftheconference,includingtheuseandeffectivenessof
naturalsurveillanceandCCTV.’

Thefinalsentenceconcludestheparagraph:‘Mostpreventivemeasuresusedbythe
overseasbankingindustryagainstATM-relatedoffendingcouldbeimplementedinthe
Australianenvironment,buttheAustralianbankingindustrymayneedtoadaptsomeof
themeasurestosuitlocalcircumstances.’
Donotusesingle-sentenceparagraphs.Referencestotablesandfigurescanbeincluded
withinalongerparagraph.
Technicalterms,jargonandcolloquialisms
Inmanyacademicpapers,technicaltermsarebothnecessaryandappropriate.Theyshould
beusedjudiciously,however.
Jargonisalwaysinadvisable—itcanexcludesomemembersofyourpotentialaudience.Do
notusejargoninyourwriting.
Colloquialismsandinformallanguagecanbeuseful,particularlyiftheyarewidely
understood.Somecolloquialismsinyourwritingarefine.Colloquialismsmaybeparticularly
relevantinsomefieldsofstudy—inpapersexaminingdruguseordrugusers,orotherfields
wheretheremaybepopularinformalterminologyforparticularthings.
Latinphrases
Latinabbreviationsshouldbewritteninfullinordinarytextbutabbreviatedinside
parentheses.
…cats,dogsetcetera.
…forexample,studentsfoundthat…
Thatis,wherethisapplied…
Studentsfoundthistobetrue(eg…)
Wherethiswasthecase(ie…)
DonotitaliciseLatinwordsorphrasesthathavebeenabsorbedintoEnglish.SeetheItalics
section(page36)formoreinformation.
Useofpronouns
AICpapersmaybewrittenineitherthefirstperson(‘Weexamined’)orthethirdperson
(‘Thestudyexamined’).However,youshouldbeconsistentthroughoutthepaper.Writingin
thefirstpersonreducestheneedforpassivevoice,asinthefollowingexample:
Weusedachi-squaredtesttodeterminetheassociationbetweenparental

offendingandchildren’sconductproblems.(activevoice)
Achi-squaredtestwasusedtodeterminetheassociationbetweenparental

offendingandchildren’sconductproblems.(passivevoice)
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OFFICIAL
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Research publications handbook
USE
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Easilyconfusedwords
Affect/effect
Effectisanoun,meaningaresultorconsequence:
Theeffectwasstartling.
Effectisalsoaverbmeaning‘tobringabout’:
Thisshouldeffectasignificantchangeinbehaviour.
Affectisaverbmeaningtoinfluenceorproduceaneffect:
Howdoesageaffecthowyouthinkaboutcrime?
Affectisalsoanounmeaning‘mood’,asin‘affectivedisorders’.
All together/altogether
All togetherimpliesactingasone;altogethermeanscompletely:
Ifwetacklethisalltogether,wecaneffectanaltogetherdifferentoutcome.
Compared with/to
Usecompared withwhenyouarehighlightingachangeordifference—thatis,whentwo
thingsaredifferenttoeachother(egthisyearcomparedwithlastyear;youngoffenders
comparedwitholderoffenders).‘Comparedwith’istheexpressionyouaremostlikelyto
beusinginyourworkattheAIC.Compared toisused,generally,tosaythatonethingisthe
sameasorlikeanother.ThinkofShakespeare’s‘ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?’
whereheispointingoutthatthetwothingsarelikeeachother.Ifindoubt,usecompared
withandyouwillbecorrectmostofthetime.
Discrete/discreet
Discretemeansseparate;discreetmeanssensitiveorpolitic.
Sheaskeddiscreetlywhichwastheminister.
Either/or and neither/nor
Eithergoeswithor and neithergoeswithnor.Forexample:
EitherAnthonyorHayleywillfinishthereport.
NeitherAnthonynorHayleywillfinishthereport.
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Research publications handbook
USE
Fewer than/less than
Thesimpleruleis:usefewerforpluralnounsdescribingthingsthatcanbecounted,like
applesorcats.Forexample:
Fewerthan2,000people…
Fewerhousesonthemarket…
Uselessformassnouns(thingsthatcannotbecounted,likewaterorwool).Forexample:
Therewaslessraintoday.
Therewaslesscheeseontheplatter.
However (but)/however (in whatever way)
Thewordhoweveriscommonlymisused.Itcanbeanadverbmeaning‘but’or‘despitethat’
oraconjunctionmeaning‘inwhateverway’,buteachmustbepunctuateddifferently.
Whereitmeans‘but’or‘despitethat’,itshouldhaveasemicolonorafullstopbeforeitand
acommaafterit:
Thefiguresareinteresting;however,theyarenotfromareputablesource.
Thefiguresareinteresting.However,theyarenotfromareputablesource.
Wherethewordmeans‘inwhateverway’,itshouldhaveacommabeforeitbutnotafter:
Thefiguresareinteresting,howevertheywerearrivedat.
That/which
Usewhichatthebeginningofparentheticalclausesthatcouldbedeletedwithoutchanging
theprimarymeaningofthesentence.Theseclausesshouldgenerallybeenclosedinapair
ofcommas.
Thepolicy,whichisavailableontheintranet,mustbestrictlyadheredtoatalltimes.
Thepointofthissentenceisthatthepolicymustbestrictlyadheredto.Thefactthatthe
policyisavailableontheintranetisnotessential.
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ORD
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Thestatisticsthatwerepublishedweresurprising.
Intheexampleabove,theclausethat were publishedisessentialtothemeaning.The
sentencesuggeststhatnotallthestatisticswerepublished,onlythesurprisingones.
Commasshouldgenerallynotbeusedinthissituation.
Comparetheaboveexamplewiththefollowing:
Thestatistics,whichwerepublished,weresurprising.
Thissentenceimpliesthatallthestatisticswerepublishedandallweresurprising.
Genderandsex
Thewordssex and genderdefinedifferentthings,andarethereforeusedindifferent
circumstances.Whichoneyouuseshouldbebasedonwhatdatayouhave.
Genderisabouthowapersonidentifiesthemselves,andsexisaboutbiological
characteristics.Ifyouweredoingmedicalresearch,forexample,youmightusesexbecause
youarereferringtobiologicaloranatomicalcharacteristics.If,ontheotherhand,youasked
peopletoidentifythemselvesinasurvey,you’dusegender,becausehowtheyidentifymay
notreflecttheirbiologicalcharacteristics.Oneofyourparticipantscouldbebiologically
malebutidentifyasawoman.
Intersexspecificallymeanshavingbiologicalcharacteristicsthatarenottypicallymaleor
female.Intersexpeoplemayidentifyasaman,awoman,anintersexpersonornon-binary.
AICpublicationsusuallyrelyonself-reportedinformationandgenderisthereforemore
accuratethansex.
Usemale,intersex and femaleasadjectiveswhererelevantandappropriate.Itmaybe
necessarytousemales and femalesasnounswhenreferringtopeopleofabroador
unknownrangeofages,althoughthenounsmen and womenarepreferablewhenreferring
onlytoadults.
Whereasingularnon-gender-specificpronounisnecessary,usetheyratherthanhe/she.
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Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook
DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
S
TRUC
Theprefatorymatterandgeneralstructureoflongreportsshouldfollowthisorder.Notall
TURE
sectionsaremandatory.
Parts of a document
Comment
Titlepage
Pagenumberingstartsati.
Imprintpage
Pageii.
Contents
Beginsonrighthandpage.
Figures
Heading2.Donotincludemeasurements
inparenthesesorsuperscripts
Tables
Heading2.Runonfromfigures;donot
includemeasurementsinparenthesesor
superscripts.
Acknowledgements(notespelling)
Anddisclaimers
Acronymsandabbreviations
Abstract(max.150words)
MandatoryforStatisticalReports,Research
ReportsandCRGreports.
Executivesummary(max.2,000words)
MandatoryforResearchReports.
Righthandpage;romanpagenumbers
continue.
Introduction
Pagenumberingstartsat1onrighthand
page.
Bodytext
References
Appendices
Pagenumberingcontinues.
Glossary
Sections
AICreportscontainsectionsratherthanchapters.
Donotnumbersectionsinreports.Refertosectionsandsubsectionsinlargerreportsby
thesectionname,italicised.Forexample:
seesectiononMethodology
seeMethodologysection,above
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TURE
TRUC
S
Titlesandsubtitles
Thetitleofyourpublicationshouldbeasconciseaspossible.Paperswithshortertitles
aremorelikelytobecited(seewww.nature.com/news/papers-with-shorter-titles-get-
more-citations-1.18246).Thisalsoappliestosectionheadingsandthetitlesoffiguresand
DOCUMENT
tables—theyshouldbebriefandtothepoint.
Avoidusingacronymsintitlesorheadings.
Subtitlesshouldcomeafteracolon,withthefirstwordcapitalised:
Indigenousprisoners:Literaturereview
Contents
Thereisnoneedtogenerateacontentspagebeforesendingyourdocumenttoediting.
Thedesignerwillgenerateoneduringtypesetting.Ifyourdocumentisbeingcirculatedto
stakeholderspriortopublication,however,youmaywishtogenerateatemporarycontents
pagefortheirconvenience.
Methodology
Abriefexplanationofthemethodologycanbeprovidedinthebodyofthereport.Detailed
technicalmaterial,includingcomplexexplanationsofmethodology,shouldbeincludedina
technicalappendixattheendofthereport.
Textboxes
Boxescanbeusedtohighlightcasestudiesorexamples.Theseshouldbelabelledliketables
andfigures—thatis,startat1andcontinuesequentially(Box1,Box2…).Ifthereisonlyone
suchbox,though,donotgiveitanumber.
Appendices
TheAICusesthetermappendices,notappendixes.
Anappendixusuallyconsistsofmaterialsupplementarytothetext,orreferencematerial
suchaslistsandtablesthataretoolongtobeincludedinthetextwithoutdisruptingitsflow.
LabelyourappendicesAppendixA,AppendixB,etcetera.Ifthereisonlyoneappendix,it
doesnotneedaletterlabelintheheading,butthetablesandfiguresarestilllabelledwith
acapitalA—forexample:TableA1,TableA2.TablesinAppendixBshouldbelabelledTable
B1,TableB2andsoon.
Footnotes
DonotusefootnotesinAICpublications;includetheinformationinthetext.Theonly
exceptionisfiguresandtables.SeeTables and figures(page43)formoreinformation.
DonotunderanycircumstancesuseautomatedreferencingsoftwarelikeEndNote—itis
incompatiblewiththeAIC’sdesignsoftwareandwillcauseproblemsduringtypesetting.
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Research publications handbook
STYLE
Capitalisation
TheAICusesminimalcapitalisationintextandreferences.Capitalsshouldbeusedfor
propernouns(namesofpeople,placesandorganisations).Ifonlypartofatitleisused,use
lowercase.
Thefollowingshouldalsobecapitalised:

theInstitute(referringtotheAustralianInstituteofCriminology);

Aboriginal/Indigenous(whenreferringtoAustralianIndigenouspeople);

theCabinet/Treasury/Crown;

fullnamesofgovernmentprograms(theDrugUseMonitoringinAustraliaprogram);

fullnamesofagreements,treatiesandconventions(theCommonwealth–StateHousing
Agreement,thehousingagreement,theagreement);

Act,Ordinance,Regulation,Bill;

positiontitles(Governor-General,MinisterforHomeAffairs,ArchbishopofBrisbane);
and

titlesofjournals(Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology).
Numbers
Asageneralrule,wholenumbersfromonetonineshouldbespelledoutandnumbers10
andaboveshouldbewritteninnumerals.Forexample:
Thecrimeinvolvedeightoffenders…
Thecrimeinvolved18victims…
Thisfigurewasinflatedbyfourpercent…
Exceptionstothisruleareasfollows:

Numbersinparentheses,tablesandfigures(includingnotes)shouldbewrittenas
numerals.

Anumberatthebeginningofasentencemustbewritteninwords.

Verylargenumberscanbewrittenaswordswhererounded.
Percentages
Percentshouldbewrittenasoneword.Intext,usethewordpercent,notthesymbol.
26percent
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STYLE
Inparentheses,tablesandfigures(includinginthetitlesoftablesandfigures),usethe
symbol(%)withnospace.
(47%)
Whenpercentagesandothernumbersarepresentedtogetherinparentheses,useacomma
toseparatethem:
(6%,n=54)
(n=227,17%)
Decimalplaces
Intext,percentagesshouldgenerallyberoundedtothenearestwholenumber.
Intablesandfigures,decimalsmaybeusedwhenappropriate.Generally,donotusemore
thantwodecimalplaces.Wheredecimalsareused,allvaluesshouldbepresentedwiththe
samenumberofdecimalplacestokeepthecolumnsaligned(eg0.3and0.0,not0.3and0).
Mathematicalvariables
Mathematicalvariables(n,p,M,SDetc)shouldbeitalicised.Usethe‘Emphasis’styleinthe
template,nottheWordstyle(ControlI).
Spansofnumbers
Useanendashtoindicatearangeofnumbers.
130–200
Numberrangescanalsobedescribedinwords,using‘to’or‘between’,dependingon
context:
from10to12percent
between23and35
Whilerangescanbedescribedusingeitheranendashorwords,beconsistentinyouruse
ofthesethroughoutthedocument.
Thousands,millionsandbillions
Useacommatoseparategroupsofthreedigits:
1,356
105,300
1,356,453
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Research publications handbook
Fractions
Fractionsshouldbewritteninwordsratherthannumerals.Useahyphenunlessthefraction
followsthewordaoran:
two-thirds
afifth
Ordinalnumbers
Ordinalnumbers(first,secondetc)shouldgenerallybewritteninwords.Wherespaceis
limited(suchasintables,figures,notesorreferences),youmayuseanumeralwiththe
relevantsuffix.Thesuffixshouldbeordinarytext,notsuperscript(3rd,not3rd).
Negativenumbers
Useanendashasaminussign.
Money
Currencyisexpressedasnumeralswithsymbols.Forexample:
$150
$88.57
35c
Donotincludeamountsofzerocents,unlesswithinatablewhereothercentvaluesare
given.
Usewordsratherthannumeralswhentheamountmentionedisnotspecific:
Itisestimatedtobeworthhundredsofdollars.
Millions and billions
Formillionsandotherlargeamountsofmoney,usetheabbreviation‘m’or‘b’withouta
spaceorafullstop.
Theoffendersstole$1.5m.
Thecrimetypecostsanestimated$13b.
Foreign currency
Forothercurrenciesindollars,usethecountryabbreviationbeforethedollarsymbol,
withoutspaces.
NZ$100,000
US$50m
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STYLE
DonotuseA$forAustraliancurrencyunlessitisnecessarytodistinguishitfromother
currencies.
Usetherelevantsymbolsforothercurrencies:
€50
₤100m
¥15,000
Rp650
Equationsandmathematicalsymbols
Donotputspacesaroundmathematicalsymbols(=,<,>,%,÷,×).
UseWord’s‘Symbol’functiontowriteanequation.Donotusethe‘Equation’function,asit
isnotcompatiblewithtypesettingsoftware.
How to type Greek letters
TheeasiestwaytotypeGreeklettersistouseWord’sin-builtautocorrect.Toenablethis
functioninWord2013,clickonFile/Options/Proofing/Autocorrectoptions.Inthe‘Math
autocorrect’tab,makesurebothboxesareticked:‘Usemathautocorrectrulesoutsideof
mathregions’and‘Replacetextasyoutype’.Unfortunately,youmayneedtorepeatthese
actionsforeachdocument.
YoucannowinsertGreeklettersbytypingabackslash(thirdkeytotherightofP)followed
bythenameoftheletter.
Typing Greek letters
Greek letter
Autocorrect
alpha
α
\alpha
chi
χ
\chi
eta
η
\eta
kappa
κ
\kappa
phi
ϕ
\phi
rho
ρ
\rho
theta
θ
\theta
ISBNsandISSNs
UsespacesinISBNs:
978 1 642242 57 7
UseahypheninISSNs:
0817-8542
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Datesandtimes
Dates
Donotusepunctuationindates.
11November1975
Tuesday23June2009
Months
Intext,usethenameofthemonthinfull.Thismaybeabbreviatedtothefirstthreeletters
(withnofullstop)intablesandfigures.
Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,Jul,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec
Years,decadesandcenturies
Toexpressarangeofyearswithinthesamedecade,useanendashandabbreviatethe
secondyear:
1995–98
Wheretheyearrangespansdecadesorcenturies,useanendashandwritetheyearsinfull:
1990–2005
1988–1992
Donotuseanapostrophefordecades.
1990s
1920s
Spellcenturiesoutinfull,exceptwhenusedasanadjective:
nineteenthcentury
19th-centuryidioms
Datesofbirthanddeatharealwaysexpressedinfull:
SirJohnVincentBarry(1902–1969)
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STYLE
Time
Usenumeralsfortime.Useafullstop,notacolon,andleaveaspacebetweenthenumber
and‘am’or‘pm’:
9.45am
6pm
Ifusingo’clock,single-digitnumbersshouldbespelledout:
sixo’clock
11o’clock
Punctuation
Commas
Commascanbeusedtosetoffexpressionsthatinterruptsentenceflowandtoseparate
contrastingpartsofasentence.
Rule 1
Usecommasasasubstitutefor‘and’toseparatewordsandwordgroupswithaseriesof
threeormore.Forexample:
Myestateistobesplitamongmyhusband,daughter,sonandnephew.
Rule 2
Useacommatoseparatetwoadjectiveswhentheword‘and’canbeinsertedbetween
them.Forexample:
Heisastrong,healthyperson
Youcouldalsosay‘strongandhealthy’,soacommashouldbeused.
Westayedatanexpensivesummerresort.
Youwouldnotsay‘anexpensiveandsummerresort’,sodonotuseacomma.
Rule 3
Usecommastosetoffexpressionsthatinterruptsentenceflow.Remember,whenusing
commasinthisway,theymustbeusedinapair:
Therewasnot,aspreviouslyrecorded,anincreaseinprevalence.
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Rule 4
Useacommatoseparatecontrastingpartsofasentence.Forexample:
Thatismymoney,notyours.
Semicolons
Thesemicolonhastwofunctions.First,itcanlinktwogrammaticallycompletesentences
thatarecloselyrelatedinmeaning:
Gettingawarranttoaccesstelecommunications(conversation)dataismuchmore
difficultthanaccessingmetadata;hencethegreatinterestshownbylawenforcement
agenciesingatheringthelatter.
Second,semicolonscanseparatetheitemsinacomplexlistthatalreadycontainsatleast
onecomma:
Expenditurethatcouldnotbeallocatedincludesspendingonover-the-counterdrugs;
healthaids,appliancesandprograms;communityhealthservices;andotherhealth
practitionerservices.
Semicolonsshouldnotbeusedforsimplelists.Semicolonsandcommasarenot
interchangeable.
Colons
Rule 1
Usethecolontointroduceadirectquotationthatismorethanabout25wordsinlength.
Forexample:
AsstatedinAustralia’s welfare 2011:
Accordingtothe2007–08SurveyofIncomeHousing,4%ofcouplehouseholdsand
3%ofsingle-personhouseholdswherethereferencepersonwasaged65oroverhad
employmentincomeasthemainsourceofhouseholdincome.
Rule 2
Useacolontointroducethesubtitlesofreports,booksandarticles;thesubtitleshould
startwithacapitalletter.
Offendingagainstwomen,20yearson:Whatweknow
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STYLE
Fullstops
Useonlyonespaceafterafullstop.
Hyphens
Donotoverusehyphens.RefertotheMacquarie Dictionaryforhyphenatedspellingsor
checkwiththeeditorifyouareunsure.
Whereanageactsasanadjectivalphrase,usehyphens:
35-year-oldshopassistant
Whereanagephraseisusedasanoun,donothyphenate:
…andone40yearold.
Hyphenate‘related’whenusedasasuffixwheretheproceedingwordisanoun—for
example,work-related,identity-related,exercise-related.
Endashesandemdashes
Emandendashesaresonamedbecausetheyarethewidthofthelettersm and n
respectively.
Useanendash(–)ratherthanahyphentoindicateaspanofnumbers,yearsordistances.
Forexample:
1,234–1,255
1970–1999
Toinsertanendash,pressControl+theminussymbolonthenumerickeypadontheright-
handsideofyourkeyboard.
Anemdash(—)canbeusedinsteadofparentheticcommas(orbrackets)tomakeaclear
interruptionwithinasentence.
Tocreateanemdash,pressControl+Alt+theminussymbolonthenumerickeypad.
Apostrophes
Theapostropheisusedtodenotemissingletters(egdon’t,can’t)ortoindicatepossession.
Rule 1
Anapostropheisinsertedbeforethepossessivesofsingularcommonnouns.Forexample:
Thegovernment’spolicy
Tomorrow’sreleasedate
TheAIC’sreport
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Rule 2
Forpossessivesofnamesorwordsendingins,justaddtheapostrophe.
EmmaThomas’book
Rule 3
Pluralnounsendinginsareapostrophisedaftertheword.
Theprisoners’cells
Thestudents’rights
Rule 4
Pluralsthatdonotendinstakeanapostrophe+s.Forexample:
Thechildren’schoice
Thewomen’sstatements
Rule 5
Useapostrophe+safterthelastwordofacompoundterm.Forexample:
Myfatherinlaw’sfishingrod
Someoneelse’sproblem
Rule 6
Donotuseanapostrophetoindicatethepluralofanall-capitalabbreviation,orof
numerals.Forexample:
Ithappenedinthe1970s.
TherewerealotofMPsatthefunction.
Rule 7
Itsversusit’s:noapostropheisrequiredwhenindicatingpossession.
Thereportstandsonitsown.
Thedogateitsdinner.
Anapostropheisonlyusedafterittoindicatethecontractionit is.
It’sthefirstreportintheseries.
Whenworkingatadesk,it’sagoodideatostretchoccasionally.
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STYLE
Quotationmarks
Usesinglequotationmarks,notdouble.Fornestedquotations,usedoublequotationmarks
insidesinglequotationmarks.
Forfurtherdetailandexamples,seetheQuotationssectiononpage36.
Ellipses
Useanellipsistoindicatewherematterhasbeenomitted(particularlyinquotes).Youcan
makeanellipsisusingAlt-Control-fullstop.
Iftheellipsisisusedattheendofasentence,nofinalfullstopisneeded.Don’tusespaces
beforeorafteranellipsis.
Thenewsystemwillsimplifycurrenttaxarrangementsandwillcontainmeasuresto
compensatelow-incomeindividualsandfamilies.
Thisquotationcanbeshortened,usinganellipsis,asfollows:
Thenewsystemwill…compensatelow-incomeindividualsandfamilies.
Parentheses
Parenthesescanbeusedtoenclosedefinitions,comments,clarifications,citationsor
additionalinformation.Insomecases,commasoremdashescanbeusedtosimilareffect.
Ageneralruletorememberisthatasentenceshouldstillmakesenseiftheinformationin
theparenthesesisremoved.Forexample:
In2008,250women(23%)tookpartinthestudy.
Theremainingareas(remoteandveryremote)allhadlowerparticipationinthe
survey.
Thesurveyresultsshowedanincreaseinemploymentinthesector(Lindsay1999).
Itissometimesnecessarytouseparentheseswithinparentheses:
Thoselivinginacapitalcityweresignificantlymorelikelytohaveusedthis
technology(7%,n=23)thanthoselivingelsewhere(1%,n=2)(χ2(1,n=446)=3.83,
p<0.05).
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Squarebrackets
Squarebracketsareprimarilyusedinquotedmaterialtoshowwherematerialhasbeen
insertedbysomeoneotherthantheauthor,orthereisachangeincapitalisationfromthe
original.Forexample:
Smith(2009)wrote:
Althoughitwasincreasing,therewasnothingpolicecoulddo.
Thisquotationcouldberenderedas:
Smith(2009)wrotethat‘[a]lthough[theincidenceofoffending]wasincreasing,there
wasnothingpolicecoulddo’.
HerethefirstsquarebracketsindicatethecapitalAoftheoriginalhasbeenreplacedwitha
lower-casea,andtheword‘it’hasbeenreplacedby‘[theincidenceofoffending]’forclarity.
Slashes
Avoidusingtheslashintext.Itispreferabletowrite‘or’instead.
Whereaslashisneeded,donotuseaspacebeforeorafterit.
Abbreviations
Acronyms
Avoidacronymsunlesstheyimprovetheclarityofyourwriting.Useanacronymonlywhen
youaregoingtouseitmorethanthreetimesinyourdocument—otherwise,itissimplerto
writethetermoutinfulloruseanotherword.
Bewareofoverusingacronymsthatarenotwidelyknown;theycanclutterthetextand
confusethereader.
Ifyouneedtouseanacronym,spellouttheterminfullthefirsttimeitappearsinthetext
(notinaheading),followedbytheacronyminbrackets:
WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)
AustralianTaxationOffice(ATO)
Thisappliestothetextinitsentirety,fromtheexecutivesummaryorintroductiononwards.
Acronymsshouldnotbereintroducedwithineverysection.However,theforewordis
consideredseparately,asareanyappendices,andacronymsandabbreviationsmaybe
reintroducedinthese.
Ifyourdocumentcontainsmorethanfiveacronyms,youmaywishtoincludeanacronym
listatthebeginning.Itshouldbeincludedafteranyacknowledgementsandbeforethe
executivesummary.
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STYLE
Commonabbreviations
ed(editororedition)
eds(editors)
etal.(andothers)
GB(gigabytes)
KB(kilobytes)
kg(kilograms)
km(kilometres)
MB(megabytes)
nd(nodate)
no.(number)
nos(numbers—notethatthereisnofinalfullstop)
volorvols(volumeorvolumes)
Units of measurement
Expressunitsbytheirfullnameorabbreviation,butdonotmixthetwo:
54km/h,not54km/hour
Leaveaspacebetweenthenumeralandtheunitofmeasurement:
18metres
17MB
Punctuationinabbreviations
Donotusefullstopsinacronymsorafterabbreviations,withtheexceptionofno.(number)
and et al.Refertothefollowingexamples:
Smithetal.2014
Trends & issues in crime and criminal justiceno.553
StatisticalBulletinno.8
Contractions
Donotusecontractionsunlesstheyappearinquotedmaterial.
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Ampersand
Ampersandsmaybeusedinparentheses,referencelists,citations,titlesandacronyms.
(Hustle&Scout2010)
Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice
Slater&Gordon
PM&C
People,placesandorganisations
Personalnamesandinitials
Donotusefullstopsorspacesbetweeninitialsinpeople’snames:
ThomsonAS,WildeRJ
Personaltitles
Donotusefullstopsinabbreviatedtitles(Dr,Mr,Mrs,Profetc).
UseMsforwomenifnopreferenceisindicated.
Awardsandhonours
BA,AO,DipEd,PhD
Donotuseacommabetweenthenameandthefirstaward,butdouseacommabetween
thefirstawardandanyadditionalawards.
JulieEvansBA,MA,PhD
IndigenousAustralians
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peopleisthemostpreciseandinclusivecollective
referenceforIndigenousAustraliansandthepreferredtermoftheNationalAboriginal
andTorresStraitIslanderHealthOfficialsNetwork.Indigenous Australianscanbeusedfor
subsequentreferences.‘Indigenous’shouldbecapitalisedwhereitreferstoAustralia’s
Indigenouspeoplesbutisnotcappedwhenitreferstopeopleofotherpartsoftheworld
(egtheindigenouspeopleofCanada).
Non-IndigenouscanbeusedwhencomparingIndigenouswithnon-Indigenouspeople,
exceptwherepeoplewhoseIndigenousstatusisnotstatedhavebeenincludedwiththe
non-Indigenousgroup.Inthiscase,thecomparisonshouldbebetweenIndigenousand
otherAustralians.
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STYLE
All AustralianscanbeusedwhencomparingIndigenousAustralianswiththewider
Australianpopulation(includingIndigenouspeople).
Donotusetheacronym‘ATSI’.
Governmentsandparliaments
Usecapitalswhenreferringtospecificgovernments,parliamentsandofficeholders.
theGovernmentoftheAustralianCapitalTerritory
theQueenslandGovernment
YassValleyCouncil
Commonwealth,stateandterritorygovernments
theOpposition
theACTLegislativeAssembly
theAustralianParliament
thePrimeMinister,MrMorrison
Uselowercasewhenreferringtogenericgovernments,parliamentsandofficeholders,or
wheremorethanoneisreferredto:
theVictorianandSouthAustraliangovernments
federal,stateandterritoryandlocalgovernments
localgovernmentsthroughoutVictoria
allparliamentsoperateunderprocedures
EdmundBartonbecameprimeminister
thepremiersareallelected
Statesandterritories
AbbreviationsforthestatesandterritoriesinAustraliaareasfollows:
NSW,Vic,Qld,WA,SA,Tas,ACT,NT
Donotincludetheseabbreviationsintheacronymlistofyourdocument.
Stateandterritorynamesshouldbewritteninfullunlessusedasanadjective.Forexample:
ThemajorityofoffenderslivedinNewSouthWales.
ThemajorityofrespondentswereNSWoffenders.
Whenlistingstatesandterritories(suchasinatableorfigure),puttheminorderof
population,asabove.
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Policeagencies
Spelloutthefullnamesofpoliceagenciesforthefirstreference,followedbythe
abbreviationinparentheses.Subsequentreferencesmayusetheabbreviationifspaceis
limitedortoavoidrepetition.
ThecorrectnameandabbreviationforeachAustralianpoliceagencyisshownbelow.
Police agency
Abbreviation
AustralianFederalPolice
AFP
NewSouthWalesPoliceForce
NSWPF
VictoriaPolice
VicPol
QueenslandPoliceService
QPS
WesternAustraliaPoliceForce
WAPF
SouthAustraliaPolice
SAPol
TasmaniaPolice
TasPol
AustralianCapitalTerritoryPolicing
ACTPolicing
NorthernTerritoryPolice
NTPol
Otherorganisations
Someorganisationsarecommonlyreferredtobyanabbreviation.Wherethisisthecase,
indicateinparentheseshowitwillbereferredtoafterthefirstmention.
TheRoyalAustralianNavy(theNavy)
TheAustralianInstituteofCriminology(theInstitute)
CountriesotherthanAustralia
Forthemostrecentnamesofcountriesandthecorrectuseofthese,checktheDepartment
ofForeignAffairsandTradewebsite.
UseUnited StatesratherthanUSA.UScanbeusedasanadjective,forexample:
OffendersintheUnitedStateswerefoundtohavehigherratesofsuicideincustody.
TheUScourtsystemimposedharsherpenaltiesforburglarythandidAustralian
courts.
Forforeignorinternationalorganisations,usethespellingusedbythatorganisation.
WorldHealthOrganization
InternationalLabourOrganization
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STYLE
Bulletpoints
Listscanbepresentedhorizontally(withintext)orvertically(asbulletpoints).Bulletpoints
canmaketheinformationeasiertoread.
Whenusingbulletpoints,makesureeachiteminthelistflowslogicallyfromthe
introduction.Thatis,ifthereaderskipsfromtheintroductiontoanybulletpoint,the
sentenceshouldstillmakesense.
Eachtemplatehasaspecificstyleforbulletsandsecond-levelbullets.Usetheappropriate
styleforbulletlistsinyourreport.
Punctuationinbulletpoints
Eachlistofbulletpointsshouldbeintroducedbyasentence(orsentencefragment)ending
inacolon.
Thewaybulletpointsarepunctuateddependsonwhetherthepointsarecomplete
sentencesorsentencefragments.
Full sentences
Ifeachiteminthelistisacompletesentence,begineachpointwithaninitialcapitaland
endeachpointwithafullstoporquestionmark.
Ofthe115deathsinprisoncustodythatoccurredduring2013–14and2014–15:

Onehundredandelevendeaths(97%)involvedmaleprisonersandfour(3%)were
offemaleprisoners.

Overhalf(52%,n=60)ofthedeathsoccurredamongthoseagedunder55years.

Twenty-five(22%)wereIndigenousand90(78%)werenon-Indigenous.
Sentence fragments
Iftheitemsaresentencefragments:

begineachpointinlowercase(unlessthewordiscapitalisedinitsownright);

putasemicolonattheendofeachitem;

includeandororattheendofthesecond-lastpoint;and

endthelastonewithafullstop.
A mix of full sentences and sentence fragments
Ifthelistismostlysentencefragmentsbutasmallnumberofpointsaremadeupofmore
thanonesentence:

usefullstopsforinternalsentencesandasemicolonattheendofthebulletpoint;
unless

itisthelastone(inwhichcase,useafullstop).
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Introductory words with explanations
Ifthebulletpointusesintroductorywordsfollowedbyanexplanation,useanunspacedem
dashandlowercaseaftertheinitialword(s).
Theoffenceswerecategorisedbasedonseverity:

violentoffences—includeshomicide,assault,sexoffences,otheroffencesagainst
thepersonandrobbery;

theft-relatedoffences—includesbreakandenter,othertheft,propertydamage
andfraud;and

drug-relatedoffences—includespossessing,using,dealing,traffickingand
manufacturing/growingdrugs.
Numbersinbulletpoints
Whetheranumberatthebeginningofabulletpointiswritteninwordsornumerals
dependsonwhetheritisasentencefragmentoracompletesentence.Whereabulletpoint
isafullsentence,thenumberatthebeginningshouldbespelledout:

Seventy-onepercentofdeathsinprisoncustodyweretheresultofnaturalcauses.
Wherethebulletpointsaresentencefragments,numbersshouldbetreatedasthoughthey
occurinthemiddleofasentence.Thatis,single-digitnumbersshouldbewritteninwords
andlargernumbersshouldbewritteninnumerals.
Ofthe17shootingdeaths:

15(88%)wereofnon-Indigenouspersons;

16(94%)weremale;and

ninewereaged40–54years(59%),threewereaged25–39years(18%),twowere
agedunder25years(12%)andtwowereaged55yearsorover(12%).
Numberedlists
Usingnumbersratherthanbulletscansuggesttoreadersthattheitemsinthelistare
rankedaccordingtoimportanceorchronology.Forthisreason,bulletsareusuallypreferred.
Usenumberedlistsonlywhenyouaredescribingasequence—forexample,successive
stepsinaprocedure:
Theprojectinvolved:
1. carryingouttheexperiment;
2. analysingtheresults;and
3. writingthereport.
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STYLE
Letters in lists
Useletteredpointssuchas(a),(b)and(c)onlyinquotations.
Bold
Donotuseboldtoemphasisewords.Iftheyreallymustbeemphasised,useitalics.
Italics
Italicsmaybeusedforemphasiswhereabsolutelynecessary.Usethe‘Emphasis’styleinthe
templateratherthantheWordfunction(Control-I).
Italicsshouldalsobeusedforthefollowing:

mathematicalvariables(n,p,M,SDetc)

legalcases(James v Cowen(1932)47CLR386);

titlesofActsbutnotbillsorregulations;

titlesofbooks,reports,periodicalsandworksofart;

referencestoothersectionsofareport(seetheMethodologysection);and

LatinorotherforeignwordsorphrasesthathavenotbeenabsorbedintoEnglish,as
determinedbytheirinclusionintheMacquarie Dictionary.Forexample,thephrasesqui
tam and doli incapax shouldbeitalicisedbecausetheyarenotinthedictionarybut‘pro
bono’and‘prorata’shouldnot.
Quotations
Shortquotations
Quotationsoflessthanabout25wordsshouldbeincludedinordinarytextinsingle
quotationmarks.Ifthequoteisasentencefragment,thefullstopshouldgooutsidethe
quotationmarks:
Oneinvestigatorstatedthathealwayshada‘boxoftissuesready’andacknowledged
thatitwas‘verystressfulforwhistleblowerstocomeforward’.
Ifthequotationisacompletesentence,useacolonorcommatointroducethequoteand
capitalisethefirstword.Thefullstop(orotherterminalpunctuation)shouldusuallygo
insidethequotationmarks.
Theinvestigatorsaid,‘Whistleblowersfinditverystressfultocomeforward.’
Foraquotewithinaquote,usedoublequotationmarks:
Theinvestigatorsaid:‘Thewhistleblowertoldmeitwas“verystressful”tocome
forward.’
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Longquotations
Longquotations(approximately25wordsormore)shouldbesetasanindentedblock
oftext.Usethe‘Quote’styleprovidedinthetemplate.Donotusequotationmarksor
italicisethequotedmaterial.Includethereference,includingpagination,attheendofthe
quotation,afterthefullstop:
Ithasbeensaidthat...secrecyisnolongeracceptable;toomanylivesandlivelihoods
havebeenlostordestroyedbecauseawhistlecouldnotbeblown.Buttoooften
thevoiceofthehonestworkerorcitizenhasbeendrownedoutbytheabusive,
unaccountablebosses.(Kennedy2004:1)
Quotingresearchparticipants
Whenquotingfrominterviewsorcorrespondencewithresearchparticipants,beconsistent
throughoutthepaperinhowyouidentifythem.Therearemanywaystodistinguish
betweenindividualparticipantswhilemaintainingconfidentiality.Thefollowingexamples
areillustrativeonly:
Participant12
Victim/survivor8
Interviewee3
Serviceprovider6
Ifthesampleissmall,itmaynotbenecessarytonumbereachparticipant.Conversely,it
maybeusefultoincludeadditionalinformationaboutparticipantssuchastheirgender,age
oroccupationifthesamplesizeislargeenoughthatthesedetailswillnotidentifyanyone.
Attributing quotations
Youmayidentifythesourceattheendofthequotation,asfollows:
Thedisclosurerecipientcommented:
Whenthewhistleblowerreportedwhathehadseen,hesufferedassaultsforhaving
spokenup…andtherewereinadequateproceduresinplacetoguardagainstthis…
makingworkimpossibleforthewhistleblower,whosufferedagreatdeal.(Disclosure
recipient27)
Itisalsoacceptabletoidentifythesourceintheintroductorytext:
Disclosurerecipient27commented:
Whenthewhistleblowerreportedwhathehadseen,hesufferedassaultsforhaving
spokenup…andtherewereinadequateproceduresinplacetoguardagainstthis…
makingworkimpossibleforthewhistleblower,whosufferedagreatdeal.
Defencelawyer5describeditas‘asignificantimpedimenttoanykindofresolution’.
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STYLE
Itisgenerallynotnecessarytoincludethedateoftheintervieworcorrespondenceorcite
itas‘personalcorrespondence’.Itshouldalreadybecleartothereaderthatthecomments
werecollectedaspartoftheresearchprocess.
Changingquotes
Quotedmaterialshouldbeincludedexactlyasitappearsinthesource.Ifyouneedtoadd
texttoaquoteorclarifythequoteinanyway,usesquarebracketstodoso.
These[ethnicandlocal]suppliersaremorereliablethantheothersuppliersbecause
theyareinourneighbourhoodandcannotaffordtolosefacewiththecommunity.
Ifyouomittextfromquotedmaterial,indicatethisbyusinganellipsis:
Thesesuppliersaremorereliablethantheothersuppliers…andcannotaffordtolose
facewiththecommunity.
Donotleavespacesaroundtheellipsis.Ifyouareusinganellipsisattheendofasentence,
donotaddafullstop.
Acknowledgingquotes
Alwaysacknowledgethesourceofquotations.Anunacknowledgedquotationisregardedas
averyseriousmatterbyauthorsandauthoritiesalike.
Casesandlegislation
Cases
Casesarecitedasfollows(withthecasenamebutnottherestofthecitationinitalics):
James v Cowan(1932)47CLR386
Notethepartiesareseparatedbyav(initalicsandwithoutansorafullstop).
Recentcasesareoftenreportedelectronicallyinmediumneutralcitation,inwhichcaseitis
customarytoincludethedateofjudgement.Inthisformat,thedateofthecaseisinsquare
brackets.Forexample:
Griffith University v Tang[2005]HCA7(3March2005)
Afterthefirstreferenceinthetext,ashorterversionmaybeused:
TheHighCourtheldinJames v Cowanthat…
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Well-knowncasessometimesbecomeknownbyashortertitle.Inthesecircumstances,use
thefullreferenceinthefirstinstance.Theshortversionmaybeusedthereafter.
Commonwealth v Tasmania(1983)158CLR1(Damscase)
IntheDamscase…
The Crown
Inacriminaltrial,theCrownisabbreviatedtoRandthecasemaybereferredto
subsequentlybythedefendant’sname(notethatsquarebracketsareusedincitations
wherethevolumenumberofthelawreportcontainingthecaseisnotgiven,justtheyear):
R v Jones[1999]WASCA24
TheCourtheldinJonesthat…
The Queen
Forcriminalappeals,useThe QueenratherthanR,whethertheappealisbroughtbythe
defendantortheCrown:
Banditt v The Queen[2005]HCA80(15December2005)
The Queen v Storey(1978)140CLR364
Legislation
Legislativeinstrumentsarecitedinfullfortheirfirstuse,includingthejurisdictionin
parentheses.UseitalicsforthenamesofActsbutnotforbillsorregulations.Forexample:
Crimes (Biological Weapons) Act 1976(Cth)
Crimes(BiologicalWeapons)Regulations(Cth)
AusCheckAmendmentBill2009(Cth)
Acommontitlemaybeusedafterthefirstreference.Donotitalicisecommontitles.
Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000(Cth)(firstuse)
TheDigitalAgendaAct(commontitlethereafter)
Sections
IfasectionofanActisreferredtoitmustbecited.Theabbreviationissforonesection,ss
formorethanone.Useaspacebetweenthesectionandthenumber,butnopunctuation.
Forexample:
Crimes (Biological Weapons) Act 1976(Cth),s4
Crimes (Biological Weapons) Act 1976(Cth),ss6,7
Theabbreviationshouldnotbeusedtostartasentence.
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STYLE
Schedules
SchedulesofActsmustbecitediftheyarereferredto.Theabbreviationissch:
Juvenile Justice Act 1992(Qld),sch4
State and territory legislation
Forstateandterritorylegislation,usethecorrespondingjurisdictionalabbreviation:
Crimes Act 1900(ACT)
Crimes Act 1900(NSW)
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
Criminal Code Act 192(Tas)
Theabbreviationisnotneededifthejurisdictionisobviousfromthetext.Forexample:
Victoria’sEqual Opportunity Act 1995prohibits…
InVictoria,theEqual Opportunity Act 1995prohibits…
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Generalrules
TS

Resultsshouldbepresentedasclearlyandconciselyaspossible;

Tablesandgraphsareyourfriend,particularlyifreportingtheresultsoflargenumbersof
univariate/bivariatetestsatonce,ortheresultsofamultivariatetest;

Ensureconsistencyinpresentationformat;

Includemeasuresofcentraltendency(egmean,median)ANDvariation(egrange,
standarddeviation);

Includestatisticalindicatorsofsignificance(iepvalues)ANDeffectsize(egpercentage/
meandifferences,oddsratios,Cohen’sd,Pearson’sr).Additionally,besuretoinclude
somecommentonthemagnitudeofaneffect/difference;and

Takecarewhenpresentingpercentagesinvolvingsmallsamplesizes,astheycouldbe
misleading.Wheresamplesaresmall,includenumbersaswellaspercentagestoavoid
overstatingthesignificanceofthefindings.
Ultimately,howresultsarepresentedwillvarysomewhatbasedonthetest,theresearch
questionsandtargetaudience,buttheteststatistic,pvalueandeffectsizeshouldalwaysbe
noted.
Examplesofcommonbivariatetests
Independentt-test
Participantswhoweresexuallyabusedbyacaregiverpriortotheageof12scored,
onaverage,significantlyhigherontheimpulsivitytest(M=26.52,SD=5.21)than
participantswhohadnotbeensexuallyabusedbyacaregiverduringthisperiod
(M=24.24,SD=5.42),althoughthedifferencebetweenthemisrelativelysmall
t(115)=2.34,p<0.05,d=0.43.
Note:Youmayalsonotethemeandifferencebetweengroupsasasimplemeasureofeffect.
Mann-Whitneytest
AMann-Whitneytestindicatesthatself-ratedattractivenesswas,onaverage,
significantlyandmoderatelygreaterforwomenwhowerenotusingoral
contraceptives(median=5)thanforwomenwhowereusingoralcontraceptives
(median=4),U=67.5,p<0.05,r=0.38.
Note:Ifpracticalandappropriate,youcanreporttherangeofthedependentvariablefor
eachgroupaswell.
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SUL
RE
UP
Correlation
Thereisastrong,significantassociationbetweenstudents’IQscoresandend-of-
WRITING
yearEnglishtestscores,withhigherIQstudentsreceivinghigherend-of-yearscores
(r=0.61,p<0.001).
Note:Theteststatisticincorrelationanalysesisalsoameasureofeffectsize.
2x2chi-squaredtest
Thereisasignificantassociationbetweentheriskratingaperpetratorreceivedand
whetherpolicedecidedtoarresthim(χ2(1)=11.12,p<0.01,φ=0.21).Theoddsof
beingarrestedwere2.55timeshigherwhenperpetratorswereratedas‘highrisk’
(45.5%)thanwhentheywereratedas‘lowrisk’(26.8%).
Note:Youcanreportphi(for2x2tests)/Cramér’sV(forgreaterthan2x2tests),orodds/risk
ratios,orboth,dependingontheresultsbeingpresentedandwhotheyarebeingpresented
to.Cross-tabulationtablesshouldalsoaccompanyanypresentationofchi-squaredresults.
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BLE
S AND
TABLES AND FIGURES
FIGURE
General
S
Theseguidelinesfortablesandfiguresaredesignedtoensureclarityandreadability.The
publicationsteamwillensurethattablesandfiguresarepresentedintheAIC’svisual
style(forpublishedmaterialonly,notforcommissionedreports).Thewriter’staskisto
ensurethatthecontentiscorrectandclear.Donotwasteyourtimeformatting,aslongas
relationshipsareclearandalldataarepresent.
Notethattheeditordoesnotcheckyourdata.Theauthormustensurethedataisaccurate
andcomplete.
Placeyourtablesandfiguresinthedocumentexactlywhereyouwantthemtositinthe
text.Thedesignerwillonlymovethemifabsolutelynecessary.Tablesandfiguresarebest
insertedsoonaftertheyarefirstmentioned.
Allnumbersareexpressedasnumeralsintablesandfigures,including1–9.Ifusing1might
causeconfusioninnotes,itcanbespelledout.
Titles
Usesequentialnumbering(wholenumbers)fortablesandfigures(egTable1,Table2,not
Table1.1,Table1.2),followedbyacolon.
Thenumbersoftablesandfiguresinappendicesshouldbeprefixedwiththeletter
associatedwiththeappendixitbelongsto.Forexample,tablesinAppendixBshouldbe
numberedB1,B2etc.Ifthereisonlyoneappendix,thenumbersshouldbeprefixedwith
theletterA.
Keeptitlesconcise.Forfigures,boththexaxisandyaxisshouldbedescribedbythetitle.
Ifonlyoneunitofmeasurementisused,puttherelevantsymbolinparenthesesattheend
ofthetitle—forexample:(%)or(n).Ifmultipleunitsofmeasurementareused,theyshould
appearintheappropriaterowsorcolumns,notinthetitle.
Figure2:Victimsbytypeofweapon(%)
Table3:HomicidevictimisationinAustralia,1913to2005(rate)
Table5:Indigenousprisonersbystate/territory,30June2005
Figure12:Meantotalfinanciallossinthelast12monthsbyageandgender($)
Figure8:Trendsinurinalysisresultsandreportedpolydruguse,2007to2016(%)
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FIGURE
Orderofrowsandcolumns
S AND
Rowsandcolumnsshouldbepresentedinalogicalorder.
BLE
TA
Statesandterritoriesshouldbeabbreviatedandarrangedinorderofpopulation:
NSW,Vic,Qld,WA,SA,Tas,ACT,NT
Unspecificcategoriessuchas‘Unknown’and‘Other’shouldbepresentedlast.
Notes
Fortheformattingofnotes,andtheorderinwhichthevariouselementsshouldappear,
refertothefollowingexample:
***statisticallysignificantatp<0.001,**statisticallysignificantatp<0.01,*statistically
significantatp<0.05
a:‘Otherwebsite’categoryexcludesonlineshoppingwebsites
b:Includedin2017identitycrimesurveyonly
Note:Respondentscouldselectmultipleresponses.NEC=notelsewhereclassified
Source:Identitycrimesurvey2017[AICdatafile]
Statisticalsignificance
Pvaluesareexpressedto0.01or0.05,unlessthereisaparticularreasonforusinga
differentvalue(egp<0.001).Thecharacterpshouldbeitalicisedusingthe‘Emphasis’style
inthetemplate.(PressAlt-Control-Shift-StoopentheStylesmenu.)
Use**forpof0.01;use*for0.05.Ifbothapply,putthemonthesameline:
**statisticallysignificantatp<0.01,*statisticallysignificantatp<0.05
Whereappropriate,includeastatementaboutsignificancetesting,usingthefullnameof
thetest:
a:chi-squaretestsignificantat…
b:t-testsignificantat…
Superscriptnotes
Indicateanoteinatablebyusingasuperscriptletterwithoutparentheses.Donotuse
asterisksornumbers.Asterisksshouldbeusedonlytodenotestatisticalsignificance(see
above).Numberednotescouldbeconfusedwithvaluesinthetable.Ifanoteappliestothe
entiretableorfigure,use‘Note:’ratherthanasuperscriptnote.
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BLE
S AND
Ifmorethanonesuperscriptappliesinthesameplace,separatethemwithacommaand
FIGURE
nospace(egb,c).
Usethe‘Superscript’styleinthetemplate,notthebuttononWord’s‘Home’tab.(PressAlt-
S
Control-Shift-StoopentheStylesmenu.)
Sources
Includethesourceatthebottomofthetableorfigure,withsquarebracketsifitisa
dataset.Forexample:
Source:AICDUMAcollection2002[computerfile]
Useminimalcapitalisationandnofullstopattheend.
Wherethesourceisadatafile,thedateinthesourceisthedateofdatacollection,not
compilationoraccess.
Ifthesourceisareference,usein-textreferencingstyle:
Source:Smith1997:11
Ifatableorfigurehasbeenrecompiledfromoriginalsourcesandthedatapresentation
hasbeenchanged(ratherthanreproducedunaltered),acknowledgethisinthenotes.For
example:
Source:AdaptedfromSmith2006
Thesourceinformationshouldbeincludedafteranyothernotes.
Figuresandgraphs
Thedesignerwillre-createfigures,sobesuretoincludethedataforeachfigureinan
editableformatsuchasanExcelspreadsheet.Useaseparatetabforeachfigure.Youshould
alsoincludeasamplegraphforeachsetofdatasothedesignercanseewhatsortoffigure
youwouldlike(egpiechart,bargraph,linegraph).Fortext-basedfiguressuchasflow
charts,supplythetextinaWorddocumentforeditingandtypesetting.
Notethefollowingpoints:

Donotuse3Dcharts,astheyarehardtoreadandcanbemisleading.

Donotusetickmarksonaxes.

Ifthereisalegend,donotputaboxaroundit.

Avoidusinghorizontal/verticalguidelines.Onlyusetheseifthechartishardtoread
withoutthem.
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REFERENCE LISTS
LIS
TS
Generalrules
Areferencelistisalistofalltheworkscitedinthepublication.Theauthorisresponsiblefor
ensuringthatallcitedworksareincludedandthatthecitationsarecorrect.Checkwiththe
JVBarryLibraryifyouneedhelp.
Abibliographyisalistofworksusedtoproducethestudybutthathavenotbeencitedin
thetext.TheAICdoesnotusebibliographies.
PleasenotethatEndNoteandotherautomatedreferencingsystemsarenotcompatible
withAICsoftwareandshouldneverbeused.
Authors
Multiple authors
Includethenamesofuptofiveauthorsintheordertheyappearonthetitlepage.Oncea
referencehassixauthorsormore,useet al.Forexample:
SmithJetal.2004.The history of crime.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology
not
SmithJ,BakerL,JonesJ,JacobsenP,ElwoodT&WoodA2004.The history of crime.
Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology
No authors
Citebytitleifthereisnodistinguishableauthor/authoringbody.
Multiple documents, same year, same author
Iftherearemultiplereferencelistentrieswiththesameauthor,listtheminreverse
chronologicalorder.Ifthereareentriesbythesameauthorpublishedinthesameyear,
orderthesealphabeticallybytitleandaddaletteraftertheyear(eg2006a,2006b).
Iftherearesingleandmulti-authorentriesbeginningwiththesameauthorname,listsingle
authorentriesfirst.
Capitalisationandpunctuation
Capitaliseonlynames,journaltitlesandpropernounsinyourreferencelist.Titlesof
monographsandjournalarticlesshouldbeinsentencecase(onlyoneinitialcapitalletter).
Endeachelementofthereferencewithafullstopbutdonotuseafullstopattheendof
thereference.
Donotusequotationmarksunlesstheyarepartofatitle.
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Dateofpublication
REFERENCE
Ifthecitedmaterialisnotyetpublished,use‘forthcoming’inplaceoftheyear.
Ifyouknowthatthematerialisattheprinter,use‘inpress’.
Ifthepublicationdateisnotknown,use‘nd’inplaceoftheyear.
Title
Transcribethetitleascloselyaspossibleasitappearsonthedocument,butusecolons
insteadofendashesforsubtitles.Capitalisethefirstwordofthesubtitle.
Criminology: A history
not
Criminology—A history
Usethespellingoftheworkcited.
Editions
Ifthepublicationyouarecitingisnotthefirstedition,youshouldincludetheedition
number.Theeditionnumberfollowsthetitleandisseparatedfromitbyacomma.
Editionisabbreviatedtoed:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers,6thed
Arevisededitionisnotconsideredanewedition,soisnotincluded.
Italics
Italicisethetitleofabookorreport.
JonesR2010.The history of offending.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology
Journaltitlesareitalicisedbutnotthetitlesofindividualarticlesorchapters.
JonesR2010.Thehistoryofburglary.Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology4(9):34–40
Donotitaliciseanythingiftheitemhasnotbeenpublished—forexample,aconference
papernotinapublishedproceedings.Thelackofitalicsindicatesthattheitemis
unpublished,soyoudonotneedtoincludethisinformationattheendofthereference.
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Research publications handbook
Pagenumbers
LIS
T
Includepaginationforjournalarticlesattheendofthereference,precededbyacolonand
S
space.Thenumbersshouldbeseparatedbyanendash.
London:JohnWiley&Sons:44–65
Youmayuseeitherthechapternumberorthepagenumberforbooks.
Placeofpublication
Alwaysincludetheplaceofpublicationforbooksandreports,evenifthepublisher’s
namemakesthisobvious(egMelbourneUniversityPress).BewareofcaseslikeCambridge
UniversityPressmaterialpublishedinMelbourne.
Includethestateifextradetailisneeded.ThestateshouldalwaysbeincludedforUS
publications(egMcLeanVAorWashingtonDC),butdonotincludethestateforAustralian
publicationsunlessthesameplacenamecanbefoundinmorethanonestate(eg
KensingtonNSW).
Ifmorethanoneplaceofpublicationislisted,includeonlythefirstlisted.
Publisher
Ifareportdoesnotclearlyidentifyapublisher,assumeitisthemainresponsibleagency.
Thegovernmentholdsthecopyrightformanygovernmentreports(eg©Commonwealthof
Australia)butthisdoesnotmeantheyarethepublisher.
DonotincludeextraneousdetailslikeIncorPty Ltdunlessitisanintegralpartofthe
publisher’sname.
URLs
Makesurethatyouincludehttp://orhttps://aspartoftheURL.
Showthedateofaccessatthebeginningofthereferencelistratherthanaftereachitem.
ThismeansthattheauthormustchecktheURLspriortosubmittingthereportforediting.
Iftheciteddocumentexistsindifferentformats,linkeithertotheindexpage(aparentpage
thatincludeslinkstoallformatsofthepublication)ortothePDFversion.Iftheindexpage
URLisconsiderablyshorter,useit.However,donotlinktothehomepageofanorganisation
unlessyouaresurethatasearchwillretrievethedocumentorpageeasily.
IftheURLisparticularlylong,youcanlinktoamoregenericpageinstead(egahomepage
wherethepublicationislisted).
ReferencestoAICpublicationsshouldalwaysincludetheURL.
DonotincludeURLsofdocumentsorwebpagesthatarelikelytobetransitory,suchas
short-termonlinesurveysorcampaigns.Somenewsitemsandmediareleasesalsohavea
shortonlinelife.
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LIS
Typesofpublications
REFERENCE
IfitispossibletoincludeaURLforanyreference,theURLshouldbeincluded.Trytolinkto
alandingpagethepublicationcanbeaccessedfrom,ratherthanlinkingtoaPDForother
document.
Monographs(booksandreports)
Format
Authoryear.Title in sentence case: Subtitle in sentence case,edition.SeriesSeriesnumber.
Placeofpublication:Publishername:pagination.URL
Examples
FarrellM&MarsdenJ2005.Drug-related mortality among newly released offenders,
1998 to 2000.HomeOfficeonlinereport40/05.London:HomeOffice.http://www.
homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/r187.pdf
CollinsJ,PoyntingS&TabarP2000.Kebabs, kids, cops & crime: Youth, ethnicity &
crime.Sydney:PlutoPress
BricknellS2009.Firearm theft in Australia 2006–07.Monitoringreportno.2.
Canberra:AIC.https://aic.gov.au/publications/mr/mr02
Chaptersinmonographs
Notethattheeditors’names(unlikeauthors’names)arenotusedforalphabetising,sothey
donotneedtobewrittenwiththefamilynamefirst.
Format
Authoryear.Titleofchapterinsentencecase.Ineditor(s)/compiler(s)(eds/comps),Title in
sentence case and italics.Place:publisher:chapterorpagination.URL
Example
MouzosJ2003.WomenhomicideoffendersinAustralia:Researchinprogress.In
MDSmith,PHBlackmanPH&JPJarvis(eds),New directions in homicide research:
Proceedings from the 2001 annual meeting of the Homicide Research Working Group.
WashingtonDC:FederalBureauofInvestigation:143–157
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Journalarticles
LIS
T
Format
S
Authoryear.Titleofarticleinsentencecase.Title of Journal with Capital Letters
volume(number):pagination
Ifajournalusesamonthorseasoninsteadofvolumeandnumber,listthat;ifithasboth,
listonlythevolumeandnumber.
Useuppercaseforeachsignificantwordinthejournaltitle.
Examples
MarcumJW2002.Rethinkinginformationliteracy.Library Quarterly72(1):1–26
SmithJW1999.PolicinginAustralia.Platypus Magazine56:5–7
ArmstrongJ1994.Aboriginaltrustleadstorespect.Police NewsMar–Apr:29,31
Advance online publications
Advanceonlinepublicationsarecitedasintheexamplebelow.Makesureyouincludethe
DOIoraURLcontainingtheDOI.
MalvasoCG,DelfabbroPH&DayA2018.Adversechildhoodexperiences
inaSouthAustraliansampleofyoungpeopleindetention.Australian and
New Zealand Journal of Criminology.Advanceonlinepublication.https://doi.
org/10.1177/0004865818810069
Webpages
Dateofpublicationcanbedifficulttoascertainforawebpage,souse‘nd’(nodate)where
necessary.
Format
Authoryear.Titleofwebpage.URL
Examples
AustralianCriminalIntelligenceCommission2017.AustralianBallisticInformation
Network.https://www.acic.gov.au/our-services/firearms-services/australian-ballistic-
information-network
UniversityofSouthernQueensland2017.Makingtheconnection.https://www.usq.
edu.au/research/digitallife/making-the-connection
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LIS
Conferencepapers
REFERENCE
Published proceedings
Wheretheconferenceproceedingshavebeenpublished,papersarecitedlikemonograph
chapters.
Format
AuthorYear.Title of paper.Source.Place:Publisher:pagination.URL
Example
BourassaS1999.Effects of child care on young children.Proceedingsofthethird
annualmeetingoftheInternationalSocietyforChildPsychology.Atlanta,GA:
InternationalSocietyforChildPsychology:44–46
Unpublished proceedings
Where(asisincreasinglythecase)theproceedingshavenotbeenpublished,usethe
followingform,withoutitalics.
Format
AuthorYear.Titleofpaper.PapertoConferencename,place,date.URL
Example
MooreS2003.Anindustryperspective.PapertoInhalantUseandDisorder
Conference,Townsville,7–8July
Italicsareusedforunpublishedpapersonlywherethepapertitlereferstoamonograph
title:
CarcachC&BlakeM2000.TechnicalissuesinthedevelopmentoftheAtlas of crime
in Australia.PapertoCrimemapping:Addingvaluetocrimepreventionandcontrol
conference,Adelaide,20–21September
Annualreports
Treatannualreportslikemonographs.
Format
CorporatenameYear.Title in sentence case.Place:Publisher.URL
Example
AustralianInstituteofCriminology2018.Annual report 2017–18.Canberra:AIC.
https://aic.gov.au/publications/annualreport/annualreport
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Whereseveralannualreportsfromthesameorganisationhavebeenused,createageneric
LIS
entry:
TS
AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare2000–2005.Annualreport (variousissues).
Canberra:AIHW
Whereseveralannualreportsfromthesameorganisationhavebeenusedbutthetitle
variesslightly(egAnnual report,Report,Report on operations),createagenericentry,as
above.
Mediareleases
Mediareleasesaretreatedlikemonographs.
Format
NameYear.Title.Mediarelease,date.URL
Examples
DuttonP2018.National strategy to fight transnational, serious and organised crime.
Mediarelease,13December.https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/peterdutton/Pages/
national-strategy-transnational-serious-organised-crime.aspx
AustralianInstituteofCriminology2018.Connected Women recognised for
empowering and educating to reduce violence.Mediarelease,29November.https://
aic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases-and-statements/connected-women-
recognised-empowering-and-educating-reduce-violence
AICpublications
IncludeaURLforAICpublicationswhereverpossible.
Trends & issues
BoxallH,BoydC,DowlingC&MorganA2018.Understandingdomesticviolence
incidentsusingcrimescriptanalysis.Trends & issues in crime and criminal justiceno.
558.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology.https://aic.gov.au/publications/
tandi/tandi558
Statistical Bulletins
SullivanT,TicehurstA&BricknellS2018.Prescription opioid use among Australian
police detainees.StatisticalBulletinno.11.Canberra:AustralianInstituteof
Criminology.https://aic.gov.au/publications/sb/sb11
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Research Reports
REFERENCE
DowlingC,MorganA,BoydC&VoceI2018.Policing domestic violence: A review of
the evidence.ResearchReportno.13.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology.
https://aic.gov.au/publications/rr/rr13
Statistical Reports
SmithRG2018.Estimating the costs of serious and organised crime in Australia 2016–
17.StatisticalReportno.9.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology.https://aic.
gov.au/publications/sr/sr09
Research and public policy reports
MakkaiT1999.Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA): A brief description.
Researchandpublicpolicyseriesno.21.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology.
https://aic.gov.au/publications/rpp/rpp21
Monitoring reports
SmithL&LouisE2009.Armed robbery in Australia: 2006 National Armed Robbery
Monitoring Program annual report.Monitoringreportno.4.Canberra:Australian
InstituteofCriminology.https://aic.gov.au/publications/mr/mr04
Technical and background papers
PayneJ2005.Final report on the North Queensland Drug Court.Technicaland
backgroundpaperseriesno.17.Canberra:AustralianInstituteofCriminology.
https://aic.gov.au/publications/tbp/tbp017
Criminology Research Grant reports
PayneJ,BrownR&BroadhurstR2018.Exploring the causes and consequences of the
Australian crime decline: A comparative analysis of the criminal trajectories of two
NSW birth cohorts.ReporttotheCriminologyResearchAdvisoryCouncil.Canberra:
AustralianInstituteofCriminology.http://crg.aic.gov.au/reports/201718.html
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AustralianBureauofStatisticspublications
LIS
T
IfonlyoneortwoABSworksarecitedandtheabbreviationhasnotbeenusedinthetext,
S
spelloutthenameinfull;otherwiseusetheabbreviationwithacross-referencefromthe
fullname.
AustralianBureauofStatistics2003.Recorded crime – victims, Australia 2017.ABScat
no.4510.0.Canberra:ABS.http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/cat/4510.0
AustralianBureauofStatistics1994–2002.Prisoners in Australia(variousissues).ABS
cat.no.4517.0.Canberra:ABS
TolinktoanABSpublicationonlineusethefollowingshortformat,substitutingtheABS
cataloguenumberforxxxx.y:
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/cat/xxxx.y
BureauofCrimeStatisticsandResearchpublications
Bureau Briefs
AuthorYYYY.Title in italics.BureauBriefno.XX.Sydney:NSWBureauofCrime
StatisticsandResearch
Crime and Justice Bulletins
AuthorYYYY.Title in italics.CrimeandJusticeBulletinno.XX.Sydney:NSWBureauof
CrimeStatisticsandResearch
Royalcommissionreports
RoyalCommissionintoAboriginalDeathsinCustody(RCIADIC)1991.Nationalreport
volume1.Canberra:AustralianGovernmentPublishingService.http://www.austlii.
edu.au/au/other/IndigLRes/rciadic
RoyalCommissionintoInstitutionalResponsestoChildSexualAbuse2017.Final
report,vol10,Childrenwithharmfulsexualbehaviours.Canberra:Commonwealthof
Australia
StateofVictoria2016.Royal Commission into Family Violence: Report and
recommendations,vol3.Melbourne:StateofVictoria
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LIS
ProductivityCommissionreports(Reportongovernmentservices)
REFERENCE
ThereportisbytheSteeringCommitteefortheReviewofGovernmentServiceProvision
andispublishedinCanberra.Asthesteeringcommitteeisanintergovernmentalauthority,
donotattributethisreporttotheAustralianGovernment.
SteeringCommitteefortheReviewofGovernmentServiceProvision(SCRGSP)2018.
Report on government services 2018.Canberra:ProductivityCommission.https://
www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services
Theses
Publishedandunpublishedthesesshouldbecitedasfollows:
HealeyD2005.Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and creativity: An investigation
into their relationship(Doctoralthesis).UniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,New
Zealand
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TEXT
CIT
IN-TEXTCITATIONS
ATIONS
Authors
Oneauthor
Citetheauthor’ssurnameandyearofpublicationinparentheses.Forexample:
(Jake2003)
Twoauthors
Wheretherearetwoauthors,useanampersandbetweenthem.Alwaysincludeboth
namesineachcitation(iedonotuse‘etal.’forsubsequentcitationsofthesamepublication
bytwoauthors).
Horne&Raine1996
Threeauthors
Iftherearethreeauthors,allthreeshouldbelistedineveryin-textcitation.Usean
ampersandbeforethelastauthor.
Smith,Jones&Jake2003
Fourormoreauthors
Wheretherearefourormoreauthors,listonlythefirstpersoninthein-textreference,
followedby‘etal.’Notethefullstop.
(Whiteetal.1999)
Multiplepublicationsbythesameauthor
Whereyouarecitingmorethanonepublicationbyanauthorinthesameyear,useletters
aftertheyearofpublication.Citationsarenotedinalphabeticalorderoftitle.
Ifmorethanoneworkbythesameauthoriscited,listthedatesinreversechronological
orderandseparatedbyacomma.Forexample:
(Murdoch2007,1999)
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ATIONS
CIT
Organisationsasauthors
-TEXT
Bothgovernmentandnon-governmentorganisationscanbeconsideredauthors.
IN
NationalLibraryofAustralia
AustralianInstituteofCriminology
VictoriaCorrectionsMentalHealthUnit
Wheretheorganisation’snameislong,abbreviateitforacitation:
TheAustralianGovernmentDepartmentofFinanceandDeregulationhasstated
(DoFR2009)…
Multiplecitations
Iftwoormoreworksbydifferentauthorsarecitedintext,useasemicolontoseparate
themandlisttheminalphabeticalorder:
(Jonesetal.1991;Wilmot1988)
Pagenumbers
Useacolonwithaspacebetweentheyearandpagenumbertoindicatepagination.
Jones1999:24
Placingcitationsinasentence
Citationsshouldgenerallybeplacedattheendofasentence.However,iftheyrelatetopart
ofasentence,oriftwoormorereferencesarebeingcompared,theyshouldbeplacedat
theendoftheclauseorphrasetowhichtheyrefer.
Otherresearchreportshavefoundsimilarpatterns(Marshall2007;Russell2005;
Yates2008).
Whilesomestudieshavefoundsimilarpatterns(Marshall2007;Yates2008),others
havenot(Mead2001;Russell2005).
Whentouse‘and’oranampersand
Whenauthorsarementionedinthetext(outsideparentheses),linktheirnamesusing‘and’.
Whentheyarementionedinparentheses,use‘&’.
SmithandBrown(2002)foundthat…
Mostrespondentsdidnotagree(Smith&Brown2002).
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CIT
Materialsnotincludedinthereferencelist
ATIONS
Somesourcesarereferencedonlyinthetextanddonotneedtobelistedinthereference
list.Theyshouldbecitedwithenoughinformationthattheycanbefoundbyareaderwho
wishestorefertothem.Thesesourcesare:

legislation;

newsitemswithoutabyline(ienoindividualauthorisnamed);

personalcommunication;and

transcriptsofcases.
Legislation
CitelegislationandcasesasshownintheCases and legislationsectionofthisguide.
Newspaperarticles
Ifnoauthorisnamed,thearticleshouldonlybelistedintext.IftheURLisavailableand
isn’ttoolong,itcanalsobeincluded.
Inanarticletitled‘Crimewaves’(Canberra Times25August2009:3)…
…wasdiscussedinthemedia(Courier-Mail7May2008:editorial)
Iftheauthorisnamed,treatthearticleasajournalarticle.
Personalcommunication
Usethisformofcitationsparinglyandonlywherethepersoncitedhasgiventheir
permission.
Itwasconfirmedthatthedatawereflawed(JMeadowspersonalcommunication
9April2003).
Transcriptsofcases
Rarely,commentsmadeinalegalcasemaybeused.Thereferencefollowsthetext,asfor
cases,butinaslightlydifferentform:
(Transcriptofproceedings,R v Rasalingham,SupremeCourtofVictoria,McHughJ,
18Aug2008)
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A
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APPENDIX
APPENDIXA:WORDLIST
age–crimecurve(endash)
among(notamongst)
anti-corruption
antisocial
apprehendedviolenceorder(lowercase)
at-riskgroups,thoseatrisk
bimodal
card-not-presentfraud
casefile(notcasefile)
cf—use‘vs’
chi-squaretest
co-offend,co-offender/s,co-offending
cost–benefitanalysis,cost–benefitratio(endash)
Cramér’sV
data—treatasplural(‘dataare/were’,not‘datais/was’)
dataset(notdataset)
decision-making(hyphen)
de-identified
domesticviolence(violencebetweenthosewhoareorhavebeenintimatepartners).
Comparewith‘familyviolence’.
drive-byshooting
eg(not‘e.g.’)Useonlyinparentheses—outsideparentheses,use‘forexample’or‘suchas’.
enquire/enquiry(aquestionorrequestforinformation—forformalinvestigations,use
inquire/inquiry)
etal.(withafullstop)
face-to-faceinterview,meetingfacetoface
familyviolence(violencebetweenfamilymembers,aswellasviolencebetweenintimate
partnersorformerpartners—abroadercategorythandomesticviolence)
first-timeoffenders
Fleiss’kappa
focused,focusing(notfocussedorfocussing)
focuses(notfocussesorfoci)
forums(notfora)
frontlineservices
gaol—usejail
high-risksituation/offender,athighrisk
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APPENDIX
Australian Institute of Criminology
Research publications handbook

ie(not‘i.e.’)Useonlyinparentheses—outsideparentheses,use‘thatis’.
A
inquire/inquiry(aformalinvestigation—forinformalrequestsforinformation,useenquire/
enquiry)
jail(notgaol)
life-courseexperiencesBUToverthelifecourse
mafia(lowercase)
methamphetamine(notmethamphetamines)
monodrug
multi-methodstudy
’ndrangheta
non-familial
non-fatal
open-endedquestions
open-sourceinformation
out-of-homecare
over-represent,over-represented,over-representation
p<0.05(italicisethepandincludethezerobeforethedecimalpoint)
peer-reviewedstudies,thestudieswerepeerreviewed
percent(notpercent)
policymaker/s
polydrug
program(notprogramme)
prosocial
protectionorder(lowercase)
reoffend,reoffended,reoffending,reoffence,reoffender(nohyphen)
revictimise,revictimised,revictimising,revictimisation(nohyphen)
semi-structuredinterview
sociodemographic
socio-economic,lowsocio-economicstatus
test–retestreliability(endash)
timeframe
t-test(hyphen)
under-reported,under-reporting
under-represent,under-represented,under-representation
vs(nofullstoporitalics)
while(notwhilst)
WorldHealthOrganization(spellingusedbytheWHO)
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OFFICIAL
Australian Institute of Criminology
B
Research publications handbook
APPENDIX
APPENDIXB:CITATIONSCHEATSHEET
Workswithone,twoorthreeauthors:
Forworkswiththree
Don’tuseacomma
Citationsarein
authors,listallthree
betweentheauthor
alphabeticalorder.
everytime.
andthedate.
(Ali&Naylor2013;Cox2016;
Lee,Park&Lightfoot2010)
Workswithfour or moreauthors:
Thereference
Use‘etal.’forevery
listshouldinclude
Notethefullstop.
citation,including
thenamesofupto
thefirst.
sixauthors.
(Felsonetal.2002)
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